===== THE VERB =====

THE VERB [b]i[/b] ([i]to have[/i]) is conjugated as follows (same form for all persons):

| Present | [b]ar[/b] | have, has | [b]mi[/b] ([b]tu[/b], [b]il[/b], [b]nos[/b], [b]vu[/b], [b]zi[/b]) [b]ar[/b] | I (you) have, he has |
| Past tense, Imperfect | [b]ir[/b] | had | [b]mi[/b] ([b]tu[/b], [b]il[/b], [b]nos[/b], [b]vu[/b], [b]zi[/b]) [b]ir[/b] | I (you, he, we) had |
| Future | [b]or[/b] | will (shall) have | [b]mi[/b] ([b]tu[/b], [b]il[/b], [b]nos[/b], [b]vu[/b], [b]zi[/b]) [b]or[/b] | I shall have, you will have |
| Conditional<sup>[b](1)[/b]</sup> | [b]ur[/b] | would (should) | [b]mi[/b] ([b]tu[/b], [b]il[/b], [b]nos[/b], [b]vu[/b], [b]zi[/b]) [b]ur[/b] | I should have, you would have |
| Imperative, Subjunctive | [b]iu[/b]<sup>[b](2)[/b]</sup> |  | [b]Iu duldo![/b] | have patience! |
| Past participle | [b]at[/b] | had | [b]mi ar at[/b] | I have had |
| Present participle | [b]ande[/b] | having |  |  |
| ::: | adj.: [b]anda[/b] | ::: | ::: | :::  |
| Compound participle | [b]inde[/b] | having had |  |  |
| ::: | adj.: [b]inda[/b] | ::: | ::: | ::: |

<sup>[b](1)[/b]</sup> The [i]conditional[/i] tense may be ignored by beginners and by people who don’t use this tense in their mother tongue.\\
<sup>[b](2)[/b]</sup> pronunciation: [b]i-u[/b]

This verb i is the pattern and ending FOR ALL OTHER VERBS (every verb consists of a stem, suffixed by one of the eight forms of the verb [b]i[/b]): [b]si[/b] to be; [b]mi sar[/b] I am; [b]il sir[/b] he was; [b]nos sor[/b] we shall be; [b]sat[/b] been; [b]fi[/b] to do; [b]tu far[/b] you do; [b]vu fir[/b] you did; [b]el fur[/b] she would do; [b]fande[/b] doing; [b]vidi[/b] to see; [b]il vidar[/b] he sees; [b]vu vidor[/b] you will see; [b]mi ar vidat[/b] I have seen; promeni to walk; [b]zi promenir[/b] they walked; [b]el ar promenat[/b] she has walked.

The Imperative-Subjunctive of [i]polysyllabic[/i] verbs ends with [b]u[/b] instead of [b]iu[/b]: [b]Miru et fem![/b] Look at this woman!; [b]Nos promenu um lo kastel![/b] Let us walk around the castle!


==== ACTIVE COMPOUND VERBS ====

[i]ACTIVE COMPOUND VERBS[/i] are as in English: [b]mi ar sat[/b] I have been; [b]vu ar fat[/b] you have done; [b]nos ar vidat[/b] we have seen; [b]el ir promenat[/b] she had walked; [b]vu ur pensat[/b] you would have thought; [b]zi or endat[/b] they will have finished.

This [i]“occidental”[/i] construction may be replaced by the [i]Esperanto[/i] suffix [b]inta[/b], modified in [i]Neo[/i] into [b]inda[/b] ([i]with auxiliary verb[/i] [b]si[/b], [i]to be[/i]): [b]mi sinda[/b] I have been; [b]vu sir sinda[/b] you had been; [b]zi sor vidinda[/b] they will have seen; [b]vu finda[/b] you have done; [b]nos vidinda[/b] we have seen; [b]el sir promeninda[/b] she had walked; [b]vu sur pensinda you[/b] would have thought; [b]zi sor endinda[/b] they will have finished.


==== PASSIVE VERBS ====

[i]PASSIVE VERBS[/i] ([i]auxiliary verb[/i] [b]si[/b]): [b]mi[/b] ([b]sar[/b]) [b]batat[/b] I am beaten; [b]zi sir batat[/b] they were beaten; [b]nos sur batat[/b] we should be beaten; [b]vu sor batat[/b] you will be beaten; [b]zi sir vidat pe mulunos[/b] they were seen by many people.

This construction may be replaced by the verbal suffix [b]at[/b]: [b]mi batatar[/b] I am beaten; [b]zi batatir[/b] they were beaten; [b]nos batatur[/b] we should be beaten; [b]vu batator[/b] you will be beaten; [b]zi vidatir pe mulunos[/b] they were seen by many people; [b]il shar si batat[/b] he ought to be beaten.


==== REFLEXIVE VERBS ====

[i]REFLEXIVE VERBS[/i] as in English: [b]mi me mirar[/b] I look at myself; [b]il se vunar[/b] he injures himself; [b]il se kontredicar[/b] he contradicts himself.

This construction may be replaced by the verbal suffix [b]is[/b]: [b]mi mirisar[/b] I look at myself; [b]il vunisar[/b] he injures himself; [b]il kontredicisar[/b] he contradicts himself.


==== RECIPROCAL VERBS ====

[i]RECIPROCAL VERBS[/i] are conjugated with the verbal suffix [b]uc[/b]: [b]nos amucar[/b] we love each other; [b]zi kontinue ofenducar[/b] they continuously offend each other; [b]Amucu e vu sor ixa![/b] Love each other and will be happy!


==== SOME VERBAL EXPRESSIONS ====

[i]SOME VERBAL EXPRESSIONS[/i]: in the [i]PRESENT[/i], the verb [b]si[/b] ([i]to be[/i]) is frequently omitted: [b]il bona[/b] he (is) good; [b]tu un boy kleva[/b] you (are) a clever boy; [b]mi parlanda[/b] I (am) talking;

[b]nos sir ludanda[/b] we were playing; [b]van il venir, mi sir lejanda[/b] when he came, I was reading;

[b]mi ju fartor[/b] I am going to leave; [b]nos ju arivor[/b] we are going to arrive; [b]il ju arivar[/b] he is just arriving; [b]nos ju udir[/b] we have just heard; [b]no sir ju udat[/b] we had just heard;

[b]et dom lukenda[/b] this house is to let; [b]et kont verifikenda[/b] this account has to be verified (checked, audited); [b]yen muzeo videnda[/b] that museum is worth seeing; [b]ye mul rimarkenda kozos[/b] there are many remarkable things.

[b]IMPORTANT NOTE[/b]. – This use may be extended to other tenses [i]when the sentence contains an adverb that locates the time of the action[/i]:\\
[b]Mi yer Parisye[/b] – I was in Paris yesterday\\
[b]Nos sun Londonye[/b] – We’ll soon be in London


==== EXERCISE ====

| [b]Dun tu dansar, mi labror.[/b] | While you dance, I work. |
| [b]Asku, so te dor.[/b] | Ask, it will be given to you. |
| [b]Mi vendar e tu kofar.[/b] | I sell and you buy. |
| [b]El no bela, mo muy kleva.[/b] | She is not handsome, but very intelligent. |
| [b]Dezur vu traveli etsize?[/b] | Would you like to travel in this season? |
| [b]Il lektar entide.[/b] | He reads all day long. |
| [b]Kan kostar et cap?[/b] | How much does this hat cost? |
| [b]Ka lo presyo d’et cap?[/b] | What is thе price of this hat? |
| [b]Eto no muy cipa.[/b] | This is not very cheap. |
| [b]Mi korespondar kon un Angla.[/b] | I correspond with an Englishman. |
| [b]Mi lu skribar, il me rispar.[/b] | I write him, he replies to me. |
| [b]Ju pluvor, dete mi no exar.[/b] | It is going to rain, that is why I don’t go out. |
| [b]Il ju venir da London e me aportir un bel libro.[/b] | He has just come from London and brought me a beautiful book. |
| [b]Mi sem pensar a el, mo el me oblinda.[/b] | I always think of her, but she has forgotten me. |
| [b]Shendande dal tren, il kadir e vunisir.[/b] | Stepping out of the train, he fell and injured himself. |
| [b]Si o no si, em lo qestyon.[/b] | To be or not to be, that is the question. |
| [b]Mi krar, tu me mokar.[/b] | I believe, you are pulling my leg. |
| [b]Mi nur plezantar.[/b] | I am only joking. |


==== MONOSYLLABIC VERBS ====

The following monosyllabic verbs are the contractions of the forms in brackets:

<WRAP column 45%>
| [b]i[/b] | [b]avi[/b] | to have |
| [b]bi[/b] | [b]bevi[/b] | to drink |
| [b]di[/b] | [b]doni[/b] | to give |
| [b]fi[/b] | [b]fari[/b] | to do, to make |
| [b]fli[/b] | [b]flugi[/b] | to fly |
| [b]gi[/b] | [b]igi[/b] | to go |
| [b]ji[/b] | [b]iji[/b] | to become |
| [b]kri[/b] | [b]kredi[/b] | to believe |
| [b]li[/b] | [b]lati[/b] | to leave, to let |
</WRAP>

<WRAP column 45%>
| [b]pi[/b] | [b]posi[/b] | to be able |
| [b]pli[/b] | [b]plazi[/b] | to please |
| [b]si[/b] | [b]esi[/b] | to be |
| [b]shi[/b] | [b]shali[/b] | to have to |
| [b]spi[/b] | [b]sapi[/b] | to know |
| [b]sti[/b] | [b]esti[/b] | to stay, to be |
| [b]ti[/b] | [b]meti[/b] | to put |
| [b]tri[/b] | [b]trovi[/b] | to find |
| [b]vi[/b] | [b]voli[/b] | to wish, to will |
</WRAP>

<WRAP clear></WRAP>

[i]Both forms have exactly the same meaning[/i]; one may therefore optionally use one or the other, according to one’s taste or the feeling.

Thus, you can choose either form: [b]l’aglo flar[/b] or [b]l’aglo flugar[/b] (the eagle flies);\\
[b]mi no par fi eto[/b] [i]or[/i] [b]mi no posar fi eto[/b] [i]or[/i] [b]mi no par fari eto[/b] [i]or[/i] [b]mi no posar fari eto[/b] (I can’t do this).

It is suggested to use the disyllabic (two syllable) form of these verbs except for the auxiliary verb [b]i[/b], when addressing people in an international meeting, in which case it is also necessary (whichever language used) to speak slowly, in order to make understanding easier.



==== Compound infinitive verb. ====

We wish to point out the equivalence of following verbal forms:

| [b]vidandi[/b] | = [b]si vidanda[/b] | to be seeing |
| [b]vidindi[/b] | = [b]si vidinda[/b] ( = [b]i vidat[/b]) | to have seen |
| [b]vidondi[/b] | = [b]si vidonda[/b] | to will have seen |
| [b]vidati[/b] | = [b]si vidat[/b] | to be seen |



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